茶人專欄｜良心茶遊記 (四十五）：吉祥如意的寶地-中國茶文化國際交流協會

茶人專欄｜良心茶遊記 (四十五）：吉祥如意的寶地

2024-12-12 16:54

<p style="margin-bottom:27px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; margin-top:27px"><img alt="224426_GxVJd9.jpeg" src="https://www.chineseteaculture.hk/data/uploads/ctciea_AL170_20240312152816_b3c9/images/article_component/137739/20240602_225619_KFtARJ.jpeg" style="width: auto;"></p> <p style="margin-bottom:27px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; margin-top:27px; text-align:center"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family:mp-quote,-apple-system-font,&quot;system-ui&quot;,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:20px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:0.578px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; orphans:2; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; text-align:left; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-thickness:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; width:auto; word-spacing:0px"><strong style="box-sizing:border-box !important; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto"><span style="box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#ff6827; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">（四十五）吉祥如意的寶地</span></strong></span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">從麗江過了金沙江虎跳峽，往北就進了橫斷山區的雲南迪慶藏族自治州。迪慶藏族自治州在雲南省西北部，西北接西藏自治區，東臨四川省，是滇、藏、川三省區交界處，總面積23870平方公里。迪慶地處青藏高原東南緣，橫斷山脈腹地，是雲貴高原向青藏高原的過渡帶，地貌獨特：有古高原面，也有大山、大川、大峽，是世界著名景觀三江並流的腹心地帶。境內有梅里雪山、白馬雪山和哈巴、巴拉格宗等北半球緯度最低的雪山群，並擁有明永恰、斯恰等罕見的低海拔(海拔2,700米)現代冰川。最高海拔為梅里雪山主峰卡瓦格博峰6,740米，是雲南省最高峰，最低海拔為瀾滄江河谷，海拔1,486米，絕對高差達5,254米，較小範圍內的巨大高差使得境內出現了垂直氣候和立體生態環境特徵。年極端最高氣溫25.1℃，最低氣溫-27.4℃。立體氣候明顯，呈現「一山分四季，十里不同天」。迪慶也是「亞洲水塔」的東南端。金沙江、瀾滄江、怒江三條大河的上游縱貫迪慶，特別是長江上游的金沙江，流經里程達430公里，流域面積16,810.8平方公里，瀾滄江在境內的流程也有320公里，流域面積7,059.2平方公里，三條大河的大小支流共有221條。這里的高山湖泊是亞洲大陸最純淨的淡水湖泊群。大小中甸、碩都湖等秀麗草甸占迪慶州土地面積的1/5。</span></p> <section contenteditable="false" data-arttype="img_5" 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tabindex="-1">&nbsp;</div> <div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Next slide" class="swiper-button-next" role="button" tabindex="0">&nbsp;</div> </div> </section> </section> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">歷史上迪慶地區一直處在中原皇朝與吐蕃和雲南地方政權南詔、大理的爭奪之中。直至元世祖忽必烈率軍「革囊渡江」，平大理國，才在此設屬麗江管轄的州縣，將此地正式納入中原皇朝版圖。明朝永樂四年（1406年），朝廷正式在大小中甸設鎮道、楊塘二安撫司，隸雲南都司，由此中甸被納入明代雲南的行政區劃範圍，明朝中央政權依靠麗江木氏土司勢力對中甸實行管轄統治。那時迪慶的香格里拉稱「中甸」，維西稱「你那」，德欽稱「阿德酋」。清康熙二十七年（西元1688年）「准於中甸互市」，「遂設渡通商貿易」。清雍正四年（西元1276年），清政府將迪慶地區劃歸雲南省，設中甸廳；雍正五年（西元1727年），又設維西廳。迪慶正處於漢藏等民族的交會地帶，因而歷史上曾有眾多民族群體在這里輾轉遷徙，生產勞作和繁衍生息，創造了悠久的歷史和燦爛的文化，迪慶成為「藏彝民族走廊」，內地農耕文明與青藏高原遊牧文明的交融地帶。歷史為迪慶留下了眾多獨具特色的文物遺跡，各種古遺址、古墓葬、古建築和崖畫石刻遍佈全州，其中以石棺墓葬、金沙江岩畫、藏文石刻和藏傳佛教寺院建築最具特色。現迪慶下轄德欽縣、維西傈僳族自治縣和香格里拉市(州府所在地）。常住人口為39.1萬人。有26種民族，千人以上的有藏、傈僳、漢、納西、白、回、彝、苗、普米等9個民族。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">迪慶藏語的意思是「吉祥如意的地方」。同時，迪慶也是藏族最早的宗教——苯教的經典中，描繪為「極樂世界」的寶地。這里有高聳入雲的巍巍雪峰，奔流不息的滔滔大江、莽莽原始森林，深深陡峭峽谷，廣闊的高山草甸、清澈的高原湖泊，鬼斧神工的地理奇觀構成了驚世絕俗的自然仙景。這一切都賦予迪慶一個似乎與世隔絕的神秘感。然而，在迪慶這滇、藏、川大三角區域的大山大川中，有一條曾經輝煌過的茶馬古道。當山谷間伴着蹄踏的馬蹄聲響起一串串清脆的鈴鐺聲時，那個遙遠的茶葉入藏故事開始了。滇藏茶馬古道，在橫斷山脈高山峽谷間，在冰雪皚皚雪峰中蒼茫而靈動，曲折而堅韌。這條古道是連接橫斷山系地區與青藏高原的重要紐帶，是漢藏等民族間經濟文化交流融合的重要走廊，是中國與東南亞諸國自古就有交往的重要國際通道。在艱苦卓絕的抗日戰爭時期，它一度成為中國唯一的對外陸上通道，其交通運輸出現了罕見的繁盛和輝煌。在這條古道上，有過種種神奇而豐富的或許已經永遠消失的人生。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">正是由於迪慶處在滇川藏三角地區的中心位置，是滇、川、藏三省區各民族進行經濟文化交流的重要通道。因而迪慶成為歷史上茶馬古道的關鍵節點。確切地講，今天盛名遠揚的茶馬古道之名就來自迪慶。遠自唐代直到近現代，茶馬古道蜿蜒通行起到了相當重要的作用，成為中國西南地區區域間綜合環境調適和資源互補的經濟網路，成為中國大西南走向世界的一條通道。千百年來，它將四川、雲南的茶葉等輸送到涉藏地區，又將邊疆地區的山貨特產運銷內地。官方茶馬互市和民間交通貿易共榮並茂的同時，這條世界最高、最險峻的道路，成為漢藏等民族之間緊密聯繫的紐帶，帶動了沿途人口的流動和城鎮的興起，更成為沿途20 多個少數民族文化傳播交流的走廊。它蘊含着蒼茫神秘的內容，有着傳奇般的色彩……</span></p> <section contenteditable="false" data-arttype="img_1" data-attr="[{&quot;img_link&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;lnk_wrap&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:[{&quot;val&quot;:&quot;&quot;}]}},{&quot;img_border&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}},{&quot;border_color&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;#dddddd&quot;}},{&quot;image_scale&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;100&quot;}}]" data-insertafter="true" data-readonly="true" style="margin:27px 0;"> <section class="atrWidget widget_img_1 addTools" data-ratio="custom" data-slectratio="1,1.5,1.3333,1.7778,1.6,custom" data-uploadimage="1" data-viewmode="0"> <section class="j_sortable"> <section class="sortItem"><a href="javascript:;" style="display: block;text-align:center;" target="_blank" title=""><img alt="073857_Ks4RHw.jpeg" class="j_img_border j_border_color j_scale_img" data-bigsrc="/data/uploads/ctciea_AL170_20240312152816_b3c9/images/article_component/141119/20241214_073928_EV2tmj.jpeg" data-default="/resource/img/widgets/article/default/img_1.png" src="/data/uploads/ctciea_AL170_20240312152816_b3c9/images/article_component/141119/20241214_073928_87NU2D.jpeg" style="border: none;" width="100%"></a></section> </section> </section> <section class="desWrap" contenteditable="true" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color:#999;padding-top: 6px;"> <p class="imgdes isplaceholder" placeholder="圖片描述，不輸入則不顯示">雪峰下的城市</p> </section> </section> <p><span style="width:auto">滇藏茶馬古道由上百個支線古道連接而成，迪慶便是滇藏茶馬古道上的一個重要結點。迪慶境內的茶馬古道並不只是一條，而似一張縱橫交錯的網路，四通八達，將香格里拉、德欽、維西三地連接起來，把金沙江和瀾滄江編織成一體，成為當地與周邊聯繫和交往的途徑，成為經濟貿易的通道，成為文化傳播的走廊。歷史上茶馬古道經過迪慶州境內的主幹道超過800公里，如果加上輔助幹道和支線，全長近3,000公里，其中約有一半的路段至今還在運行。到目前為止，迪慶境內已發現並保留有19段比較完整的茶馬古道遺跡。從中可以看出，它們恰如人的動脈，向四肢延伸開去，將迪慶的山山水水連接起來，為當時人們對外交流、運輸茶葉等所需物資提供了通達條件。如今這些古道有部分已經喪失了原本的功能，但是其中的多數路段至今還在使用，仍然在當地各族群眾的生產、生活中發揮着重要作用。現今的滇藏公路（214國道雲南下關至西藏芒康段）大致就沿當年的茶馬古道通往青藏高原。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">迪慶是雲南最為鄰近西藏的地區，是滇藏茶馬古道由滇入藏的最後一段，也是滇藏和川藏茶馬古道的接合部。過去，雲南的茶葉銷往西藏，迪慶是必經之地。而世代生息于迪慶高原的「古宗人」，是千年茶馬古道上的運輸主力軍，他們不僅能夠南下到滇南的普洱茶產區，更便於北上到更高的青藏高原。古宗人，有歷史記載為西南夷中的「姑繒」，《華陽國志》里說「姑繒」為羌族居入雲南高原者的古稱。也有說他們的祖先來自西南地區神秘的古國——崇國，是夏族鯀、禹的後裔。歷史上對古宗人曾有許多神秘的傳說。麗江人稱古宗為「古茲」，實際上就是和納西族融合的藏族。古宗人分佈區域以中甸、德欽、巴安一帶為中心，南邊以金沙江為界，西康草地一帶也是古宗的勢力範圍。清代以後，由於茶葉交易往來，亦有部分古宗人在滇南產茶區景東府定居。麗江境內的光樂村是現今古宗人的主要聚居地。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">據明朝歷史文獻記載，古宗人就是自西藏流入雲南麗江、鶴慶一帶定居的「藏族」。明朝洪武年間，麗江府木氏土司的勢力範圍擴張到吐蕃疆域鹽井一帶（今西藏昌都市芒康縣納西民族鄉境內）。木氏土司入主鹽井後，徵召當地10戶驍勇善戰的藏民前往木氏土司轄地（今永勝縣大安鄉境內）屯軍戍邊。10戶藏民由此一路東遷，經玉龍雪山境內犛牛坪時，其中一人因不慎被石磨砸斷腿而率家眷落戶于此，成為犛牛坪、甘海子一帶藏族的始祖。其餘9戶藏民沿着茶馬古道繼續東行，行至龍山壩（今麗江古城區金安鎮龍山村、光樂村境內）時，另有一人因崴腳而落戶於此，此人就是「古宗」（納西語、白語意為藏族）的始祖。剩餘8戶藏民砥礪奮進，橫渡金沙江，抵達最終目的地永勝縣大安鄉，繁衍為8大家族。歷經荏苒光陰，光樂村一脈藏民已與當地納西族融合，形成藏、納西一體的古宗，孕育了獨特的古宗文化。犛牛坪、大安成為麗江兩大重要的藏族聚居地，犛牛坪、大安兩脈藏民至今還保留着完整的藏族民俗文化。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">古宗家族自西藏東遷至麗江六百餘年以來，主要聚居于光樂村，以趕馬幫、開馬店為生。在歷史上光樂村所在金安鎮是麗江茶馬古道東線上最大、最繁華的集鎮。民國時期的著名文史學者范義田曾生動地描寫往來于滇藏間的古宗人馬幫：古宗鉅賈騎馬千百，入內地市布鹽茶，而普洱茶尤為日常嗜好，每年出而運載，為數不下巨萬，名曰：「趕茶山」。歸則順往雞足山精舍頂禮，名曰：「朝雞山」。出趕茶山正當夏曆九月，常以四五百匹馬結一大幫，大老闆背負三四寸黃金佛，腰懸金飾掛刀，並佩十響五子新式手槍，烹濃茶，飲酥油，黎明出發，過午便息，耐勞經寒，長於跋涉，非內地趕馬人所能及也。施蟄存先生也曾在散文《馱馬》里寫道：「在雲南的西北，販茶葉的古宗人的馱馬隊是最為雄壯的。」<br> <br style="width: auto;"> 古宗人身材高大，裝束特別，男人往往戴氊帽披長袍，渾身上下掛滿飾品。古時生意人都喜歡與古宗人做買賣，因為古宗人對貨幣缺乏認知，樂意進行以貨易貨的買賣，與他們交易往往能得到更多的好處。他們的山貨賣完得來的錢一般都會在本地用掉，不會帶回遙遠的雪山去，因為那麼荒僻的地方根本就用不上。古宗人最愛買的是茶葉，集市里茶葉攤子上常可見到他們的身影。他們買的都是老茶，不要新茶，老茶尤愛普洱和景穀的，買來摻和其它原料製作傳統酥油茶。</span></p> <section contenteditable="false" data-arttype="img_5" 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role="button" tabindex="0">&nbsp;</div> </div> </section> </section> <p><span style="width:auto">除了茶馬古道，從宋末元初開始，頻繁的戰事給迪慶地區帶來了大規模的族群遷徙，豐富了迪慶地區的民族成分和民族文化。元朝忽必烈南征大理，蒙古軍隊到達川西高原之後兵分三路南下。其西路軍沿當時吐蕃所屬地界（當時吐蕃已臣服蒙古）的草原地帶進軍，在中甸「革囊渡江」進入滇西北高原，再南下到大理。忽必烈親率的中路軍和東路軍是沿當時吐蕃與宋朝勢力的接壤地帶川西滇北古道進軍的，同樣越過金沙江再南下到大理。在此過程中，生活在川西高原接近雲南邊界的許多族群跟隨蒙古軍隊南下進入了滇西北高原。其中有的是作為蒙古軍隊的補充力量而隨軍遷徙的，如西番族（普米族先民）；有的則是在戰事牽引下，迫于生計而沿着蒙古軍隊的行軍路線南下到滇西北高原的。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">及至元王朝建立以及各項統治措施的確立，迪慶高原各族群進入到一個社會發展相對穩定的時期。此時，元王朝對邊疆民族地區採取「因其舊而理其民」的政策，並注重利用宗教聯合藏區勢力；始于宋朝的「茶馬互市」在這一時期也變得更為興盛，甚至由於經濟發展，在迪慶地區有了驛路並設立了馬站。上層統治階級的這些舉措有利於迪慶高原各族群之間的互動交往與融合。這一時期，迪慶高原的族群分佈與南詔、大理國時期大致相仿。戰爭造成族群遷徙，豐富了迪慶高原的族群成分，元朝建立，中國進入大一統時期，社會經濟文化的發展又促進了各族群之間的交往交流交融，為之後迪慶地區多族群共同體的形成奠定了基礎。</span></p> <section contenteditable="false" data-arttype="img_1" data-attr="[{&quot;img_link&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;lnk_wrap&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:[{&quot;val&quot;:&quot;&quot;}]}},{&quot;img_border&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}},{&quot;border_color&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;#dddddd&quot;}},{&quot;image_scale&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;100&quot;}}]" data-insertafter="true" data-readonly="true" style="margin:27px 0;"> <section class="atrWidget widget_img_1 addTools" data-ratio="custom" data-slectratio="1,1.5,1.3333,1.7778,1.6,custom" data-uploadimage="1" data-viewmode="0"> <section class="j_sortable"> <section class="sortItem"><a href="javascript:;" style="display: block;text-align:center;" target="_blank" title=""><img alt="073544_Gqe27V.jpeg" class="j_img_border j_border_color j_scale_img" data-bigsrc="/data/uploads/ctciea_AL170_20240312152816_b3c9/images/article_component/141119/20241214_073928_eFCamz.jpeg" data-default="/resource/img/widgets/article/default/img_1.png" src="/data/uploads/ctciea_AL170_20240312152816_b3c9/images/article_component/141119/20241214_073928_GrUbF2.jpeg" style="border: none;" width="100%"></a></section> </section> </section> <section class="desWrap" contenteditable="true" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color:#999;padding-top: 6px;"> <p class="imgdes isplaceholder" placeholder="圖片描述，不輸入則不顯示">迪慶喇嘛寺</p> </section> </section> <p><span style="width:auto">明朝至清「改土歸流」時期，主要表現為木氏土司對迪慶地區的武力征服與政治統治，以及隨之而來的新的族群遷徙與族群融合。首先是木氏土司在明王朝的支持下對滇西北地方進行武力征服，隨後統治了包括迪慶在內的滇西北、川西南乃至西藏昌都等地將近兩百多年。在此期間，木氏土司先是「每佔領一地，便建立莊園，遷移納西族人屯戍」，將大批納西族先民遷往迪慶地區，使其繼藏族先民之後成為迪慶高原的主要聚居民族。這一時期，藏族先民雖然在政治上從屬於納西族先民，但納西族先民在經濟、文化、生活習俗等方面不同程度地受前者的影響。如納西族先民學會了種青稞、吃糌粑、喝酥油茶、穿藏裝、說藏話等，甚至在宗教上有許多人也從東巴教轉而信仰藏傳佛教；同時，隨着移民遷徙，納西族先民也將大理、麗江等地先進的種植技術與工藝技巧帶入了迪慶地區。其次，木氏土司還通過渡江屯殖、開渠種稻、開採礦藏等方式對迪慶進行經營，帶去了一批新的移民，其中包括大量漢族、白族、回族等內地居民，他們主要是屯戶、礦工、工匠以及商販等。此外，傈僳、彝、苗等民族的先民也陸續遷入迪慶。明朝至清「改土歸流」時期迪慶地區的族群分佈格局相較以前沒有太大改變，只是源源不斷的遷徙流動豐富了迪慶高原的民族構成，並且這一時期納西族先民成為這一區域的強勢族群，木氏土司的地方統治為迪慶地區多族群共同體的形成起到了政治整合的作用。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">迪慶藏區的漢族是在清雍正二年（1724年）隨着「迪慶歸滇」以及「改土歸流」才進入這一區域的，雖然到來的時間較晚，但影響卻很深。雲南藏區的漢族大部分是在清雍正二年（1724年）「迪慶歸滇」以後進入迪慶地區的。境內漢族主要分佈在中甸、維西的城鎮地區或交通要道附近，除此之外，德欽縣的升平鎮也有分佈。民國28年《中甸縣誌》載：「中甸漢族有陝籍、贛籍、湖廣籍、川籍、滇籍諸種，其一部分系為綠營弁兵之苗裔所繁衍，其餘則為貿易、開墾、遊藝而來。」說明進入中甸的漢族，其來源大致可以分為綠營兵後裔、商販、屯戶以及手工業者等等。清雍正六年（1728年），中甸設置塘汛，400多民綠營兵進入中甸，他們大多數帶有家屬，藏族稱之為「古加」，意為營兵里的漢人。民國元年（1912年），綠營兵的餉糧被廢除，其時所設塘、汛、關、卡南路木筆彎、三家村、下橋頭、界碑、紅石哨、一家人、拖木南、箐口，東路的四村、安南、白地，西路的獨洛、吉仁、澤通，西北路的臘浪、湯堆、尼西、紙房、上橋頭，北路日堆、格咱、普上、翁上、翁書關都有塘汛兵落籍，藏民稱之為「加瑪崗」（即當兵戶）。其後裔，在虎跳峽鎮還保留漢族族稱，在縣城、上橋頭的已改報藏族，但還保留着漢語言。其餘東路、北路、西路及南路拖木南、箐口塘、卡駐地的漢族均已同化於藏族之中，僅保留了「加達」的戶名，多數連姓氏也已忘卻。同期，「中甸沿江數百里及山谷曠土甚多」，給以牛種房屋招佃開墾，亦有少數漢族落籍江邊境。乾隆年間（1736-1795年），又有一批陝西籍、山西籍及大理、鶴慶漢族進入中甸貿易、開礦。雍正至道光年間（1724-1850年），因有綠營兵駐守，社會安定，「五方商賈，絡繹聚歸」。遷入縣城及江邊境的漢族增多，漢文化對當地政治、經濟、文化的發展進步產生了深遠的影響。清咸豐至民國年間（1796-1949年），涼山彝族奴隸主，搶劫之風盛行，從四川得榮、鄉城、稻城逃亡至中甸落籍的川兵，當地人稱其為「川川客」。亦有個別從河南、湖南、湖北流浪入縣落籍的。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">茶馬貿易和人口遷移為迪慶積澱了深厚的歷史文化和多民族、多宗教的多元文化，但迪慶作為康巴藏區的重要組成部分，其文化底色是更富特色的康巴文化。從藏族傳統的地理區域來劃分，把藏地分為衛藏、康巴、安多3個區域，迪慶位於康巴地區範圍內。康巴地區包括四川的甘孜藏族自治州、西藏的昌都地區、雲南的迪慶藏族自治州、青海的玉樹藏族自治州等地方，是除西藏之外的中國第二大藏地。另外，在藏族的傳統文化中還有一種說法，藏地有法區衛藏、馬區安多、人區康巴。就迪慶文化而言，既有藏族文化和康巴文化共性的文化，又有同源異流的區域文化特色，展現的是多元、複合、絢麗多彩的文化。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">康巴歷史和文化是藏族歷史和文化的重要組成部分，而迪慶歷史文化則是康巴歷史和文化的重要組成部分。康巴地區分佈在特殊的地理位置之上，西部的橫斷山脈地區的金沙江、雅礱江高峽河谷走廊地帶是康巴地區的主要分佈區域，居住在這個區域範圍內的許多民族沿高峽河谷南北往來遷徙，繁衍融匯，日久年深，形成了中國唯一的南北走向的狹長文化帶，在這塊文化色彩斑斕的河谷高原上居住的是康巴藏族，在這南北走向的狹長文化帶的兩邊分佈有安多地區和衛藏地區，讓康巴文化更加色彩斑斕。獨特的區位使迪慶文化在康巴文化中更加彰顯特色。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">迪慶在古代為羌人分據之地，有東女國、附國、黨項、白狼夷染指的跡象，其初始文化具有古羌文化的特點。在吐蕃時期，隨着吐蕃政權對迪慶地區的統治，吐蕃文化從雅魯藏布江流域傳播到迪慶，又不斷地與當地的土著文化相融合。到了元代，蒙古族文化、回族文化、漢族文化隨着進駐的蒙古族、回族官兵和從事商貿、開礦的回族、漢族傳到迪慶。明清時期隨着納西族、漢族和回族遷移到迪慶境內，其文化也融入到藏族文化中。因此，迪慶藏族文化與其他地區的藏族文化有着一定差異，也正是因為這種差異，形成了迪慶豐富多彩的文化形式。</span></p> <section contenteditable="false" data-arttype="img_1" data-attr="[{&quot;img_link&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;lnk_wrap&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:[{&quot;val&quot;:&quot;&quot;}]}},{&quot;img_border&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}},{&quot;border_color&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;#dddddd&quot;}},{&quot;image_scale&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;style_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;100&quot;}}]" data-insertafter="true" data-readonly="true" style="margin:27px 0;"> <section class="atrWidget widget_img_1 addTools" data-ratio="custom" data-slectratio="1,1.5,1.3333,1.7778,1.6,custom" data-uploadimage="1" data-viewmode="0"> <section class="j_sortable"> <section class="sortItem"><a href="javascript:;" style="display: block;text-align:center;" target="_blank" title=""><img alt="072910_nw5nCp.jpeg" class="j_img_border j_border_color j_scale_img" data-bigsrc="/data/uploads/ctciea_AL170_20240312152816_b3c9/images/article_component/141119/20241214_072929_NQsT6t.jpeg" data-default="/resource/img/widgets/article/default/img_1.png" src="/data/uploads/ctciea_AL170_20240312152816_b3c9/images/article_component/141119/20241214_072929_TwfcHy.jpeg" style="border: none;" width="100%"></a></section> </section> </section> <section class="desWrap" contenteditable="true" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color:#999;padding-top: 6px;"> <p class="imgdes isplaceholder" placeholder="圖片描述，不輸入則不顯示"></p> </section> </section> <p><span style="width:auto">風俗習慣是生產生活在特定社會文化區域內的人們代代相傳、共同遵守的行為模式或規範。由於自然條件的不同和社會文化的差異所造成了不同的風俗習慣，形成了所謂的「百里不同風，千里不同俗」的因地而異的風俗特點，康巴地區的風俗習慣也不例外，具有它的獨特性和差異性。在迪慶，以藏族文化為主體的多元文化是其特點。作為一個民族的存在，最大的特點莫過於保留了自己民族的語言、文化、風俗、習俗。迪慶藏族千百年來經歷了各種民族的統治，各種文化的衝擊，然而，仍然牢牢地繼承着本民族的風俗習慣，展現着藏族具有的悠久文明史。比如，迪慶藏族實行的天葬、水葬、火葬、土葬、塔葬、樹葬、崖葬、野葬等喪葬習俗，可以說它幾乎包括了人類文明所有的葬法。</span></p> <p style="width:auto"><span style="width:auto">「會說話就會唱歌，會走路就會跳舞」是對藏族能歌善舞的美譽。在迪慶藏地廣為流傳着豐富多彩的民間文學藝術。德欽的弦子、中甸的鍋莊、尼西的情舞、塔城的熱巴舞、寺院的羌姆舞以及唱不完的山歌、情歌、勞動歌等等，種類繁多、精彩異常。在迪慶各民族文化相互交融，和諧共存，《格薩爾王傳》通過說唱藝人傳播到毗鄰地區的納西族、傈僳族、麽梭人之中，成了這些民族民間膾炙人口的民間文學。香格里拉上江傈僳族也將藏族「熱巴舞」承襲下來，成為他們祖傳的舞蹈藝術形式之一。維西縣永春鄉納西族把藏族鍋莊舞全套傳承下來，成為他們的「禪都」舞蹈藝術形式之一。</span></p> <section contenteditable="false" data-arttype="img_5" data-attr="[{&quot;batch_upload&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;batch_upload_wrap&quot;,&quot;val&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;options&quot;:{&quot;selector&quot;:&quot;.j_img5_batch_upload&quot;,&quot;ratio&quot;:&quot;1.6&quot;,&quot;slectRatio&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nocrop&quot;:false,&quot;multiple&quot;:true,&quot;is_additional&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;resizeHeight&quot;:&quot;437&quot;}}}]" data-insertafter="true" data-notaddwidget="true" data-readonly="true" style="margin:27px 0;"> <section class="atrWidget widget_img_5"> <div class="galleryImg swiper-container swiper-container-horizontal swiper-container-initialized"> <div 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color:#ffffff; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px">&nbsp;專欄作者簡介</span><br> <span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">張國良先生是第十、十一屆全國政協委員；</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">中國茶文化國際交流協會執行會長；</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">香港新聞工作者聯會會長；</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">香港作家聯會監事長；</span><span style="box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; outline:0px; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">雲南普洱茶十大傑出人物。</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">曾任香港文匯報董事長、社長；</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">新華社秘書長；</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">新華社香港分社總</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">編輯及新</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">華社亞太總分社社長；</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff; box-sizing:border-box !important; color:#222222; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:15px; letter-spacing:0.544px; margin:0px; max-width:100%; overflow-wrap:break-word !important; padding:0px; width:auto">新華社香港分社改名為中央政府駐港聯絡辦後，曾兼任新華社香港特別行政區分社社長 </span>。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>